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1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood
The 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood was a flood that took place on the evening of December 27, 1999. It was caused when a combination of the tide and high winds from the extratropical storm Martin led to the sea walls of the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant in France being overwhelmed.〔(Generic Results and Conclusions of Re-evaluating the Flooding in French and German Nuclear Power Plants ) J. M. Mattéi, E. Vial, V. Rebour, H. Liemersdorf, M. Türschmann, ''Eurosafe Forum 2001'', published 2001, accessed 2011-03-21〕 The event resulted in the loss of the plant's off-site power supply and knocked out several safety-related systems, resulting in a Level 2 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.〔(COMMUNIQUE N°7 - INCIDENT SUR LE SITE DU BLAYAIS ) ASN, published 1999-12-30, accessed 2011-03-22〕 The incident illustrated the potential for flooding to damage multiple items of equipment throughout a plant, weaknesses in safety measures, systems and procedures, and resulted in fundamental changes to the evaluation of flood risk at nuclear power plants and in the precautions taken.〔〔
==Background==
The Blayais plant, equipped with four pressurized water reactors, is located on the Gironde estuary near Blaye, South Western France, operated by Électricité de France. Due to records of over 200 floods along the estuary dating back to 585 AD, some 40 of which had been particularly extensive, the location of the plant was known to be susceptible to flooding, and reports of the 1875 floods mentioned that they were caused by a combination of a high tides and violent winds blowing along the axis of the estuary.〔(L'inondation dans la basse vallée de la Garonne et l'estuaire de la Gironde lors de la "tempête du siècle" (27-28 décembre 1999) / Flooding in the Garonne valley and the Gironde estuary caused by the "storm of the century" (27-28 December 1999) ) Salomon Jean-Noël, ''Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement'', Avril-juin, vol. 8, n°2. pp. 127-134, doi : 10.3406/morfo.2002.1134, accessed 2011-03-25〕 The area had also experienced flooding during storms in the recent past, on December 13, 1981 and March 18, 1988.〔 An official report on the 1981 floods, published in 1982,〔''Crue de la Garonne, décembre 1981 : éléments pour une analyse'', A Dalmolin, Délégation régionale à l'architecture et à l'environnement d'Aquitaine, published 1982〕 noted that it 'would be dangerous to underestimate' the combined effects of tide and storm, and also noted that the wind had led to 'the formation of real waves on the lower flooded floodplain'.〔
When the Blayais plant was designed in the 1970s, it was on the basis that a height of above NGF level would provide an 'enhanced safety level', and the base on which the plant was built was set at above NGF,〔 although some components were located in basements at lower levels. The protective sea walls around the Blayais plant were originally built to be above NGF level at the front of the site, and along the sides.〔(Rapport sur l'inondation du site du Blayais survenue le 27 décembre 1999 ) Institute for Nuclear Protection and Safety, published 2000-01-17, accessed 2011-03-21〕 The 1998 annual review of plant safety for the plant identified the need for the sea walls to be raised to above NGF, and envisaged that this would be carried out in 2000, although EDF later postponed the work until 2002.〔 On 29 November 1999, the Regional Directorate for Industry, Research and the Environment sent a letter to EDF asking them to explain this delay.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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